what在英语中是个很常用的词。我们知道它能用作疑问(wen)词,引导特殊疑问句,在句中做主语﹑表语或宾语;又能用作连(lian)接代词(或复合关系代词),引导主(zhu)语从句﹑表语从句或宾语从句;还(hai)能用作疑问形容词,只作定语并可(ke)表示感叹。对于这些(xie)常规的用法本文就不一一赘述(shu),现就what在(zai)高中英语中的某些特殊用法归纳如下:
1. what = just as,意为“恰像,犹如,好比”用作连词,引导比较状语从句。(见新编高二英语(yu)上册p.21)
⑴ 惯用句式是:A is to B what C is to D. 意为“A对B而言正(zheng)如C对D一样”例如:
① Air is to us What water is to fish. 空气对于我们犹如(ru)水对于鱼。(介词to 表示两者的关系(xi))
⑵ 也有“A is for B what C is for D.”句式。例如:
② Poultry is for the cook what canvas is for the paint. 厨师离不了家禽正(zheng)如画家离不开画布一样。(介词for表示“供…使用”)
⑶ what 引导(dao)的从句也可以放在句首(shou),其句式是: What C is to D,that A is to B.(= A is to B what C is to D.)
在(zai)这一结构中,喻体在前,主体(ti)在后,相当于“just as…,so…”结构(gou),意思也是“A对B而言(yan)正如C对D一样(yang)”例如:
What blood vessel is to a man's body,that railway is to transportation.(=Just as blood vessel is to a man's body ,so Railway is to transportation.)
铁路对于运输,好比血管对于人体一样。
2. what 与(yu)do with连用,意为“(怎样(yang))处理﹑安排或对付等”。what常有较灵活的翻译,常用结构是:“what …do with sth./sb.?”或“what to do with sth./sb.” 例如:
① What will you do with the letter? 你(ni)将把那封信怎样处理?
② The kids do not know what to do with themselves on rainy days.
孩子(zi)们不知道雨天干什(shi)么好。
注意:do with 与deal with同义,但搭配不同:do with只能(neng)与what搭配,而deal with可与不同的(de)疑问词搭配。比较:
③ How will you deal with the letter?你(ni)将那封信怎样处理?
④ You may have some idea of what the astronauts have to deal with if you try to drink a glass of water while standing on your head or while just lying down.
如果你试(shi)着倒立着或仅以躺(tang)着的姿势去喝水(shui),就能大致体会得到宇航员必须应(ying)付什么了。
3. 问价格﹑度量﹑速度、人口﹑面积(ji)﹑门牌(汽车﹑电话(hua)等)号码等时,只能用(yong)what提问,不能用how much提问。例如:
① What is the cost(price)of the gold watch?这块金表(biao)多少钱?
② What is the speed of the car?车速是(shi)多少?
③ What is the length(width﹑depth)of the lake?这湖有多(duo)长(宽、深)?
④ What is the population(area)of China?中国的(de)人口(面积)有多少(大)?
⑤ What money(cash) have you got? 你有多少钱(现金)?
⑥ What is your telephone (car、room)number?
你的电话(汽车﹑房间)号码是多少?
4.“What is …like?”的两种含义。
⑴ 表示“情况怎样”,多指天气或气候。例如:
① What is the weather like today?今天天气怎样?
② What is the climate like there?那里的气候怎样(yang)?
⑵ 表示“像什么样(yang),什么模样,怎(zen)样的” 指人或事物。例(li)如:
③ What is the camel like ?骆驼是什么(me)样子的?
④ — What is your teacher like?— She is very kind and beautiful.
“你老师是怎样一(yi)个人?”——“她既善良(liang)又美丽。”
⑤ What will life be like in the future ? 未来(lai)的生活是什么样子呢?
注意:“What is…like?”通(tong)常用于对某人、某地和某物的实际情况(kuang)提问,包括对其内在的(de)品质或外在的特征(或持久的(de)特征)提问。而“How is … like?”是(shi)就某人、某地和某物的外观询问(wen)对方的看法,可以用来询问变(bian)化的事物,如暂时的情况,情绪等(deng),还常用来问候(hou)别人的健康。如:
⑥ How is your work these days? 近来你的工作情(qing)况如何?
⑦ How is he? 他近况如何? (他身体近来怎么样?)
比较:What does she look like?她是什么模样?(What… look like?只能指外表 )
5.“What do you think of…?”用于询问对(dui)方对……的看法或(huo)评价。例如:
① What do you think of the idea?你认为这个主意(yi)怎样?
② What did you think of that film?你对(dui)那场电影评价如何?
注意:“ What do you think of…?”是惯用搭配,不能改为(wei)“How do you think of…?”。但我们可以说(shuo):How do you feel about the idea(that film)?或者How do you like the idea(that film)?
com6.what 用作(zuo)复合关系代词时,既可指代人又可指(zhi)代物。例如:
① China is no longer what it used to be? 中(zhong)国已不是过去的中国
② She is what you call a “bluestocking”。 她(ta)就是你说的“女才子”。
③ She is not what she was five years ago. 她不再是(shi)5年前的她了。
7. what从句可用作宾语补(bu)足语或状语。例如:
① We will make the factory twice what it is today. 我们将使(shi)工厂比现在规模增加一倍。(句中(zhong)的twice what it is today是动词make的宾语the factory的补足语)
② Gravity is what makes you weigh what you weigh. 地心吸(xi)引力使人称得现有的重量(句中的(de)第一个what到句末为表语从句;句(ju)末的what you weigh 是说明前面的动词(ci)weigh,系回答how much 的问题,作状语)
8.像how和why一样,what可以用作名词。例(li)如:
① Please explain to us how and why,since you know what. 既然你想(xiang)出一个好办法,请给我们(men)解释清楚解决这个问(wen)题的方法和理由(you)。
② By asking why,how and what if,curious minds find new ideas and solutions.
通过刨根问底,提出假设,富有求知欲的天才人物(wu)想出了新主意,找出了解决问题的(de)新办法。(见新版高二(er)英语上册p.7,what if 可译为:假设)
9.与what连用的常用句型和词组
⑴ What if…?What will or would happen if…?如果(假如)…将会怎么样?例(li)如:
① What if it is true?如果这是真的又怎(zen)么样?
② What if a storm should come up?万一发生(sheng)暴风雨怎么办?
⑵ what with:because of ;as a result of;因为;由于……的结果;例(li)如:
③ What with overwork and (what with)so little sleep,she fell ill.
一半由于工作过度的劳累,一半由于(yu)睡眠不足,她病倒了。
④ She has been depressed,what with losing her job and having to move.
她由于丢了工作还要搬家而(er)感到沮丧。
⑶ and what not :and so on ;etc;以(yi)及各种其它东西;诸如此类;等等(deng);例如:
⑤ I bought sugar,tea,eggs,and what not. 我买了食糖、茶叶、鸡蛋之类的东西。
⑷ come what will(may)是固定(ding)搭配必须倒装,意为“不管发生什么(me)事”“不管怎样”
⑥ Come what will (may),I will always stand by you.
不管发生(sheng)什么事,我将永远支持你(ni)。